CHAD – Critical Electricity and Water Services Rehabilitation PROJECT

Electricity and Water Services Rhabilitation Service 

       The Critical Electricity and Water Services Rehabilitation Project, seeks to secure the delivery of basic electricity, and water supply services, to prevent the collapse of the system, particularly in N’Djamena, in addition to reducing service delivery costs, through an increased private sector participation in both sectors. The first component will provide resources to maintain, and in some cases increase the delivery of electricity services in N’Djamena and in six smaller urban centers, through the rehabilitation, and expansion of electricity production, transmission, and distribution systems. Expansion, and rehabilitation of water supply systems will be implemented under a second component, likewise in the city of N’Djamena, and in eight smaller urban centers.

   The third component will improve the technical, commercial, and environmental performance of the Societe Tchadienne d’Eau et d’Electricite (STEE), including personnel safety standards as well. Preparatory activities required to prepare the second phase of the investment program will be implemented under the fourth component, as will the preparatory activities required to initiate the second phase of the investment program, and project oversight.

Internal Renewable Water Resources (IRWR),1977-2001, in cubic km		Chad	Sub-Saharan Africa
Surface water produced internally		14	3812
Groundwater Recharge		12	1549
Overlap (shared by groundwater
	and surface water)	10	1468
Total Internal Renewable Water Resources
	(surface water + groundwater – overlap)	15	3901
Per capita IRWR, 2001 (cubic meters)		1788	5705
Natural Renewable Water Resources
	Total, 1977-2001 (cubic km)	43	X
	Per capita, 2002 (cubic meters per person)	5125	X
Annual River Flows:
	From other countries (cubic km)	28	X
	To other countries (cubic km)	X	X
Water Withdrawals
Year of Withdrawal Data		1987
Total withdrawals (cubic km)		0	X
Withdrawals per capita (cubic m)		34	X
Withdrawals as a percentage of Actual
	Renewable Water Resources	0.7 %	X
Withdrawals by Sector (as a percent of total)
	Agriculture	82 %	X
	Industry	2 %	X
	Domestic	16 %	X
Desalination (various years)
Desalinated water production (million m3)		0	X
Freshwater Fish Species, 1990s
	Total number of species	X	X
	Number of threatened species	0	X
Freshwater Seafood Production
Freshwater Fish Catch {c},
	1990 (metric tons)	70000	1688080
	2000 (metric tons)	84000	1934194
Freshwater Aquaculture Production,
	1987 (metric tons)	X	9434
	1997 (metric tons)	X	33189
Other Resources:
Water and Food Security Country Profiles of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:
Footnotes:
a. Totals may exceed 100 percent due to groundwater drawdowns, withdrawals from river inflows, and the operation of desalinization plants
b. World and regional totals are reported by I.A. Shiklomanov.
c. Freshwater fish production data refer to freshwater fish caught or cultivated for commercial, industrial, and subsistence use (catches from recreational activities are included where available).

 

MEDIA : Refugees and Internally Displaced persons .

Pictures:

Crisis in the Central African Republic

* An empty house in Bemankouna village.*  Most of the inhabitants have fled into the bush to escape raids by armed groups.* A young mother prepares to breastfeed her daughter after fleeing into the bush when armed groups attacked the village of Boutouli in February 2006. *A group of displaced children sit on a log in their new home in the bush. Their parents built shelters in the bush after escaping the attack on Boutouli village. *A young girl looks with curiosity at the photographer. *She has been living in this bush site since her family fled Boutouli village.* The basins behind her are there to catch rain water.*…

Battling the Elements in Chad

*More than 180,000 refugees have fled.* Sudanese refugee women waiting for aid distribution in Djoran, Birak canton. Some 4,000 to 8,000 refugees are gathered at Djoran. Refugees say they walked from their villages in Sudan over the border to Chad when militia raided their village.* Setting up a tent at Farchana camp to receive refugees relocated from the border area. The camp, located 55 kms from the border, will eventually be able to house 12,000 refugees.*The newly established camp at Farchana began receiving refugees relocated from the border on January 17. It is the first of multiple camps UNHCR is setting up for tens of thousands of Sudanese refugees in eastern Chad.* A family of Sudanese refugees heading towards a registration point at Wandalou on the Chad-Sudan border before being relocated to Farchana camp.*Sudanese refugee women receiving wrist bands for registration at Wandalou, 200 metres from the border with Sudan, in preparation for their move to Farchana camp the following day.*UNHCR staff directing the first convoy taking Sudanese refugees from Wandalou on the border to Farchana camp.* At Farchana camp, a volunteer from the Chadian Red Cross escorts a Sudanese refugee woman and her daughter to a UNHCR tent that has been allocated to them.* A Sudanese refugee arriving in Farchana camp. Upon arrival at the camp, refugees receive blankets, mattresses, jerry cans, kitchen sets, and soap from UNHCR, as well as sorghum, oil and corn-soya blend provided by WFP.* An old woman, who just arrived in Farchana camp from the border site of Wandalou, is assisted by aid workers to a UNHCR tent assigned to her and her family.* At night, after a long day visiting refugee sites along the remote Chad-Sudan border, UNHCR team leader Yvan Sturm downloads his e-mails on his laptop through his thuraya satellite phone by lamplight.* Sudanese refugees settled along the dry river bed in Ardemi, Chad after fleeing attacks by militia on their villages in Sudan.*…

Chad: Relocation from the Border to Refugee Camps

*A refugee woman with her son in front of the makeshift shelter she built in Djoran where she arrived after fleeing her village in Sudan.*Sudanese refugees in front of the shelter they pieced together in Djoran, in Birak canton, in Chad.* Sudanese refugee women waiting for aid distribution in Djoran, Birak canton. Some 4,000 to 8,000 refugees are gathered at Djoran. Refugees say they walked from their villages in Sudan over the border to Chad when militia raided their village. *Setting up a tent at Farchana camp to receive refugees relocated from the border area. The camp, located 55 kms from the border, will eventually be able to house 12,000 refugees.* The newly established camp at Farchana began receiving refugees relocated from the border on January 17. It is the first of multiple camps UNHCR is setting up for tens of thousands of Sudanese refugees in eastern Chad.*A family of Sudanese refugees heading towards a registration point at Wandalou on the Chad-Sudan border before being relocated to Farchana camp.*Sudanese refugee women receiving wrist bands for registration at Wandalou, 200 metres from the border with Sudan, in preparation for their move to Farchana camp the following day.*…

Portraits of Darfur’s Refugees

*A Sudanese refugee boy with a makeshift toy truck he has built from cardboard and discarded plastic sandals in Oure Cassoni camp, Chad.*Two Sudanese refugee boys in Bahai near the Chad-Sudan border, where sandstorms are a regular occurrence.*Refugee girls at Breidjing camp, eastern Chad.*A Sudanese refugee girl waits for food*A refugee girl carries her malnourished infant sibling to the therapeutic feeding centre at Oure Cassoni camp in Chad.*Midwives care for malnourished babies in the therapeutic feeding centre in Oure Cassoni camp.*A refugee woman in Iridimi camp, eastern Chad* …

Camp Life in Eastern Chad

*UNHCR’s massive emergency airlift has brought in over 2,700 metric tons of supplies to set up the camps and move the refugees from the border and give them lifesaving relief supplies. Flights have come in to Chad from Tanzania, Thailand, Pakistan, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Gibraltar and Dubai. Airlifted supplies and equipment include trucks and four-wheel drive vehicles, Rubb Halls, tents, blankets, sleeping mats, soap, plastic sheeting, jerry cans, kitchen sets, lanterns, mosquito nets, and registration materials.* Refugees in Oure Cassoni camp set up their tent again after it was blown down in a sandstorm.*Breidjing camp in eastern Chad has seen the arrival of thousands of additional refugees coming on their own from the border. The available resources in Breidjing have been under tremendous strain from the overcrowding, and UNHCR is moving some of the refugees from Breidjing to a new camp at Treguine to improve their living conditions.* A refugee family outside their tent in Farchana camp.* A mother and son inside a temporary shelter in Iridimi camp. In order to move the refugees away from the volatile border as quickly as possible, UNHCR first relied on temporary transit sites before moving refugees into more stable tent accommodation as the camp construction was finalised.*Refugee women seek reprieve from the scorching sun in the shade at Farchana camp.*Daily life is taking shape for refugees at Goz Amer camp.*A Sudanese refugee in Goz Amer camp sews clothes for other refugees. Some refugees in the camp have restarted the businesses they used to run in Darfur.*

Internally Displaced in Chad

*Thousands of people fled attacks on their villages and gathered under trees on the outskirts of Goz Beida, the main town in south eastern Chad. *Survivors of the 4 November attack on Bakinia village say they need to go back to harvest their fields but are afraid to do so.*Gendarmes accompany former inhabitants of Louboutigue village back home to survey the damage and see what can be salvaged.*Ismail stands in what is left of his home in Louboutigue village after the 8 November attack by what were described as armed Arab men.* Under the eye of the Chadian gendarmes, a former inhabitant quickly grabs a few belongings from Louboutigue village.*Because the Goz Beida hospital does not have enough beds to accommodate all the wounded from recent inter-ethnic fighting, these men have to stay in the hospital’s yard, night and day.* Goz Beida hospital does not have enough medicine or qualified staff to take care of all of the people wounded from the recent spate of attacks. UNHCR donated seven tents and several mattresses to help shelter some of the people needing care.*

Chad: Education in Exile

* People fleeing attacks on their villages pitch a makeshift camp on the outskirts of Goz Beida town.* A mother and child on the road to Kerfi, on the outskirts of Goz Beida *A mother and child on the road to Kerfi, on the outskirts of Goz Beida.* People fleeing attacks on their villages pitch a makeshift camp on the outskirts of Goz Beida town.* One of several thousand people gathered on the outskirts of Goz Beida.*One of the 117 men killed in the April 17th Janjaweed attack on Djawara village.*After suffering two attacks in two different villages in May, this woman fled to Gouroukoun, near Goz Beida. Because of limited water supply, however, UNHCR relocated her to a host village in the area.*In June, UNHCR transferred IDPs from Gouroukoun site to a host village near Goz Beida, in Eastern Chad. Gouroukoun was hosting more than 12,000 people; many of whom had been displaced several times following attacks by Janjaweed militia.* Earlier this year, UNHCR trucks brought IDPs from Gouroukoun site to host villages in the area, Eastern Chad.*…

Data as of December 1988

Villagers drawing water from a wood-lined well in Chad
United Nations (Uri Golani)

    Permanent streams do not exist in northern or central Chad. Following infrequent rains in the Ennedi Plateau and Ouaddaï Highlands, water may flow through depressions called enneris and wadis. Often the result of flash floods, such streams usually dry out within a few days as the remaining puddles seep into the sandy clay soil. The most important of these streams is the Batha, which in the rainy season carries water west from the Ouaddaï Highlands and the Guéra Massif to Lake Fitri.

    Chad’s major rivers are the Chari and the Logone and their tributaries, which flow from the southeast into Lake Chad. Both river systems rise in the highlands of Central African Republic and Cameroon, regions that receive more than 1,250 millimeters of rainfall annually.

      Fed by rivers of Central African Republic, as well as by the Bahr Salamat, Bahr Aouk, and Bahr Sara rivers of southeastern Chad, the Chari River is about 1,200 kilometers long. From its origins near the city of Sarh, the middle course of the Chari makes its way through swampy terrain; the lower Chari is joined by the Logone River near N’Djamena. The Chari’s volume varies greatly, from 17 cubic meters per second during the dry season to 340 cubic meters per second during the wettest part of the year.

    The Logone River is formed by tributaries flowing from Cameroon and Central African Republic. Both shorter and smaller in volume than the Chari, it flows northeast for 960 kilometers; its volume ranges from five to eighty-five cubic meters per second. At N’Djamena the Logone empties into the Chari, and the combined rivers flow together for thirty kilometers through a large delta and into Lake Chad. At the end of the rainy season in the fall, the river overflows its banks and creates a huge floodplain in the delta.

    The seventh largest lake in the world (and the fourth largest in Africa), Lake Chad is located in the sahelian zone, a region just south of the Sahara Desert. The Chari River contributes 95 percent of Lake Chad’s water, an average annual volume of 40 billion cubic meters, 95 percent of which is lost to evaporation.

    The size of the lake is determined by rains in the southern highlands bordering the basin and by temperatures in the Sahel. Fluctuations in both cause the lake to change dramatically in size, from 9,800 square kilometers in the dry season to 25,500 at the end of the rainy season. Lake Chad also changes greatly in size from one year to another. In 1870 its maximum area was 28,000 square kilometers. The measurement dropped to 12,700 in 1908.

     In the 1940s and 1950s, the lake remained small, but it grew again to 26,000 square kilometers in 1963. The droughts of the late 1960s, early 1970s, and mid-1980s caused Lake Chad to shrink once again, however. The only other lakes of importance in Chad are Lake Fitri, in Batha Prefecture, and Lake Iro, in the marshy southeast.

UNHCR COUNTRIES OPERATION POFILES

CHAD -Working Environment

The needs

    Basic services for Sudanese refugees remain inadequate. Only 71 percent of these refugees have even limited access to immunization; less than 40 per cent of refugee children are enrolled in secondary education; water is limited to 12 litres per person per day; and in most camps there is only one communal latrine per 30-40 people.

    CAR refugees require food assistance as they have not obtained self-sufficiency due to inadequate land allocation. For their part, urban refugees require assistance in voluntary repatriation, local integration support, and educational and vocational programmes.

    IDPs in eastern Chad, who do not receive the same level of assistance and protection as refugees, remain in desperate need of shelter, food, health services, education and protection.

Main objectives

Annual programme

• Provide international protection and assistance to refugees in camps in eastern and southern Chad and in urban areas, and develop local and national protection capacity.
• Maintain the civilian and humanitarian character of refugee camps.
• Assist new arrivals from Sudan and CAR and maintain contingency plans to cope with large new flows of the displaced.
• Prevent malnutrition and reduce the prevalence of HIV and AIDS.
• Support host communities with basic infrastructure, health and educational facilities, agricultural schemes, and training programmes for young people.
• Promote self-reliance among CAR and Sudanese refugees through agricultural and income-generating activities.
• Promote sustainable improvements in the provision of basic services such as water, sanitation, education and health, as well as environmental rehabilitation, in collaboration with local authorities and partners.
• Raise the capacity of refugees, IDPs and humanitarian staff to manage natural resources responsibly.

• Statistics – Chad

• UNHCR Maps

MEDIA - (UNHCR) Actress and Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie returns in easten Chad, Jolie braved a violent sandstorm to visit refugees in eastern Chad. There, she was able to see how the security situation has deteriorated in the region since she last visited about three years ago.
Help UNHCR celebrate World Refugee Day on June 20

WATER RESOURCES  

AQUASTAT       

        AQUASTAT is FAO’s global information system of water and agriculture developed by the Land and Water Development Division. The objective of AQUASTAT is to provide users with comprehensive information on the state of agricultural water management across the world, with emphasis on developing countries and countries in transition.

WCA infoNET – An Internet Service on Water Conservation and Use in Agriculture

       The WCA infoNET information system is an Internet-based integrated information platform which merges information resources and expertise allowing direct access to publications, documents, data, computer programs and discussion groups which provide a knowledge base, support and the necessary global platform for decisions on water conservation and use in agriculture.

Desertification Section of FAO  

        The FAO Web site on desertification aims to assist national, regional and international stakeholders and networks involved in sustainable development of drylands and in particular in the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).

Water Resources, Development and Management Service of FAO

        The mission of the Water Resources, Development and Management Service is to promote efficient use and conservation of water resources to achieve food security and sustainable agriculture and rural development.

Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition

        The overall aim of this joint FAO/IAEA Programme is to promote food security by increasing or sustaining crop productivity through better management of soil and water resources.

FAO – Capacity Development for Water in Agriculture

        This database is a joint initiative of the Water Resources, Development and Management Service of FAO and the International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID). It is a meeting point for both, people in search of capacity development opportunities for water in agriculture and those offering courses/events in this area.  The database contains relevant information on course/event provider, duration, target group as well as contact information in order to obtain further details.

FAO Water

        FAO Water maintains an extensive multi-scale information base on water for use at global, national and local levels. It also provides assistance to countries in shaping their agricultural policies, in relation to land and water management. Additionally, FAO Water maintains a strong technical expertise in the field of water management, with special focus on enhanced agricultural productivity, poverty eradication and environmental sustainability.

Water Law and Standards

        This project is a joint initiative of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Since 1999, the WHO Water, Sanitation and Health Programme and the FAO Legal Office have been collaborating on a number of initiatives linked to water law, health and development. This website contains a database of national water legislation that is linked to FAO’s FAOLEX database of legislation on natural resources.

 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 

        FAO’s mandate is to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and contribute to the growth of the world economy.

        This website offers information about agriculture, economics, nutrition, food safety, statistics, fisheries, forestry, sustainable development, technical cooperation, country information, publications, meetings, current initiatives and access to a virtual library.

Gateway to Land and Water Information

       The purpose of Gateway is to provide information on the state, condition and trends of rural land and water resources at national, regional and global scales. The objective is to promote improved decision-making for the sustainable use of agricultural natural resources worldwide.
        The Gateway has two functions:
        • an access point to global, regional and national reports compiled by FAO and the participating institutions worldwide
        • an entry point to the worldwide web of information on land, water and plant nutrition and related subjects.

Water and Food Security Country Profiles

         The Water and Food Security Country Profiles provide focalized information on the state of water resources and food security globally in a country-specific format.      

        The site harvests valuable information from FAO databases and information systems as well as those of its partners, to give users enriched results to enhance decision-making and promote advocacy in these areas.

Land and Water Development Division (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)

        The mission of the Land and Water Development Division of FAO is to promote the efficient use and conservation of water resources to achieve food security and sustainable agriculture and rural development.
        This website contains information about water policies and river-basin planning, water resources inventories and evaluation, water management and institutional development, water quality, databases, tools, news and documents.

The International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) of FAO

         IPTRID is an internationally funded programme aimed at promoting technology and research in irrigation and drainage in and by developing countries. The Secretariat of this Programme is located within the Water Resources, Development and Management Service (AGLW) of FAO.